Subject: Re: AUDITORY Digest - 10 Feb 2006 to 13 Feb 2006 (#2006-31) From: "Mortz, Margaret" <mmortz@xxxxxxxx> Date: Mon, 13 Feb 2006 22:30:42 -0800A good hearing loss simulator is HearLoss which is written by Mark Huckvale of University College London It can demonstrate to normal hearing people how a hearing loss might sound. Free download, but is not public domain software. http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/resource/hearloss/ <http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/resource/hearloss/> "The HearLoss program plays back pre-recorded audio samples of some speech, some music and some typical background noise, either singly or in combination. As it replays, three sliders control a simulation of the effects of three common consequences of hearing loss: loss in amplitude sensitivity, reduction in frequency range, and loss in spectral detail. Changes in the amplitude sensitivity slider changes the loudness of the sound, changes to the frequency range slider changes the upper frequency limit of the sound, while changes to the spectral detail slider changes the amount of fine structure present in the spectrum." Margaret Mortz ________________________________ From: AUDITORY Research in Auditory Perception on behalf of AUDITORY automatic digest system Sent: Mon 2/13/2006 9:08 PM To: AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx Subject: AUDITORY Digest - 10 Feb 2006 to 13 Feb 2006 (#2006-31) There are 4 messages totalling 667 lines in this issue. Topics of the day: 1. PhD position: Analytic and computational models of auditory processing 2. Software or code for determining sound masking 3. sound manipulations (2) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Date: Mon, 13 Feb 2006 14:01:31 +0000 From: Chris Sumner <Chris@xxxxxxxx> Subject: PhD position: Analytic and computational models of auditory processing Dear all, please pass this on to any potential candidates or other interested parties. Apologies if you recieve this twice. cheers, Chris Sumner ------------- Analytic and computational models of auditory processing Dr Steve Coombes, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham. Dr Chris Sumner, MRC Institute of Hearing Research. The brain is able to construct a view of the outside world from sound alone: it lets us listen to music and locate each musician in space; pick out a bassoon in an orchestra or follow the grand themes of a symphony; follow one person speaking amidst the cacophony of a room full of conversations. Yet the brain receives only two one-dimensional inputs: one from each ear. And even with one ear, we still perceive a world of discrete, separate sound sources. This project will investigate with analytical and computational models, the neural processing that might underlie this remarkable feat of hearing. The range of possible projects is broad. However, the motivation will be to bring abstract models of neural systems to real problems in auditory neuroscience. Analytical analogs will be sought between different modes of processing in order to describe canonically the neural processing. For example, what is the functional value of shunting versus subtractive inhibition in an auditory neuron? Analytical expansions of biophysical equations can show this. Other problems include how the dynamic properties of highly artificial networks relate to networks of biophysically realistic neurons with realistic auditory inputs. Traditional models of neural processing have been based on the idea that information is conveyed in neurons by the rate at which they fire. However, in the auditory system much information is conveyed about sound by the timing of single spikes. Recently, mathematicians have started to study the properties of spiking neurons, their dynamics and behaviour in networks such as oscillations and synchronisation. Another interesting problem is how, when individual neurons are so non-linear, representations in the cortex can be quite linear. Analytic studies will be complemented by simulations to confirm them, or inform when analytical solutions are not possible. A suitable candidate will probably have a good first degree in maths, physics or engineering. Some experience in programming is very desirable. They should have an interest in applying their quantitative, analytical skills to scientific questions. They will interact with neuroscientists, psychologists and mathematicians. There will also be opportunities for becoming involved in experimental work on hearing. This will lead to an interdisciplinary PhD with mature skills in computational neuroscience and mathematics. This position is funded by a Marie Curie Early Stage Training Fellowship, as part of the programme for Research Training in Mathematical Medicine and Biology at the University of Nottingham (MMBNOTT). Marie-Curie Fellowships are available for this project from 1 September 2006 and 1 June 2007 and are open to non-UK nationals. There is a monthly living allowance (gross), plus travel allowance, mobility allowance, career exploratory allowance, all in excess of 30K euros per year. For full details of the training programme, eligibility requirements and application procedures please see www.maths.nottingham.ac.uk/mmbnott. For informal enquires please contact Chris Sumner (chris@xxxxxxxx) or Steve Coombes (stephen.coombes@xxxxxxxx). -- Dr. Christian J. Sumner MRC Institute of Hearing Research Tel: 0115 922 3431 Fax: 0115 951 8503 This message has been checked for viruses but the contents of an attachment may still contain software viruses, which could damage your computer system: you are advised to perform your own checks. Email communications with the University of Nottingham may be monitored as permitted by UK legislation. ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 13 Feb 2006 15:43:24 +0000 From: Eoin Brazil <eoin.brazil@xxxxxxxx> Subject: Software or code for determining sound masking Dear List, Does anyone have code (Mathlab, C, whatever) that can take two or more sound files, filter them, convolve them and determine according to the existing heuristics if masking may occur ? Thanks and Regards, \Eoin -- Eoin Brazil, M.Sc., Interaction Design Centre, Dept. of Computer Science & Information Systems, Engineering Research Building, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland. Phone: +353-61-213506 Fax: +353-61-213484 Mobile: +353-87-2252404 Email: eoin.brazil@xxxxxxxx WWW: http://richie.idc.ul.ie/eoin/ Blog: http://braz.blogspot.com/ _______________________________________________ ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 13 Feb 2006 11:21:51 -0700 From: Rene Gifford <Rene.Gifford@xxxxxxxx> Subject: sound manipulations This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --Boundary_(ID_sKGzBDhonDaU4kKrKKrRhw) Content-type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-transfer-encoding: quoted-printable Dear List, I am writing to request information on a type of software or available = program that allows for signal manipulations that may approximate = hearing impaired listeners' descriptions of speech. As you know, one = common complaint is that people sound as if they are speaking in a = barrel. Another is that the speaker sounds as if he has a bucket over = his head. Is anyone aware of such a program? =20 Sincerely, =20 Ren=E9 H. Gifford, Ph. D., CCC-A Postdoctoral Fellow Arizona State University Department of Speech and Hearing Science P. O. Box 870102 Tempe, AZ 85287-0102 =20 Phone: (480) 965-4954 Mail Code: 0102 =20 rgifford@xxxxxxxx =20 --Boundary_(ID_sKGzBDhonDaU4kKrKKrRhw) Content-type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-transfer-encoding: quoted-printable <html xmlns:o=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" = xmlns:w=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word" = xmlns:st1=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" = xmlns=3D"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"> <head> <meta http-equiv=3DContent-Type content=3D"text/html; = charset=3Diso-8859-1"> <meta name=3DGenerator content=3D"Microsoft Word 11 (filtered medium)"> <o:SmartTagType = namespaceuri=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name=3D"PostalCode"/> <o:SmartTagType = namespaceuri=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name=3D"State"/> <o:SmartTagType = namespaceuri=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name=3D"City"/> <o:SmartTagType = namespaceuri=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name=3D"Street"/> <o:SmartTagType = namespaceuri=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name=3D"address"/> <o:SmartTagType = namespaceuri=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name=3D"PlaceType"/> <o:SmartTagType = namespaceuri=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name=3D"PlaceName"/> <o:SmartTagType = namespaceuri=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name=3D"place"/> <!--[if !mso]> <style> st1\:*{behavior:url(#default#ieooui) } </style> <![endif]--> <style> <!-- /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Arial;} a:link, span.MsoHyperlink {color:blue; text-decoration:underline;} a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed {color:purple; text-decoration:underline;} span.EmailStyle17 {mso-style-type:personal-compose; font-family:Arial; color:windowtext;} @xxxxxxxx Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style> </head> <body lang=3DEN-US link=3Dblue vlink=3Dpurple> <div class=3DSection1> <p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D2 face=3DArial><span = style=3D'font-size:10.0pt'>Dear List,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D2 face=3DArial><span = style=3D'font-size:10.0pt'>I am writing to request information on a type of software or available program that = allows for signal manipulations that may approximate hearing impaired = listeners’ descriptions of speech.=A0 As you know, one common complaint is that = people sound as if they are speaking in a barrel.=A0 Another is that the speaker = sounds as if he has a bucket over his head. =A0Is anyone aware of such a = program?<o:p></o:p></span></font></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D2 face=3DArial><span = style=3D'font-size:10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D2 face=3DArial><span = style=3D'font-size:10.0pt'>Sincerely,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D2 face=3DArial><span = style=3D'font-size:10.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D2 color=3Dmaroon face=3DArial><span = style=3D'font-size: 10.0pt;color:maroon'>Ren=E9 H. Gifford, Ph. D., = CCC-A</span></font><o:p></o:p></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D2 color=3Dmaroon face=3DArial><span = style=3D'font-size: 10.0pt;color:maroon'>Postdoctoral Fellow</span></font><o:p></o:p></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal><st1:place w:st=3D"on"><st1:PlaceName = w:st=3D"on"><font size=3D2 face=3DArial><span = style=3D'font-size:10.0pt'>Arizona</span></font></st1:PlaceName><font size=3D2><span style=3D'font-size:10.0pt'> <st1:PlaceType = w:st=3D"on">State</st1:PlaceType> <st1:PlaceType = w:st=3D"on">University</st1:PlaceType></span></font></st1:place><o:p></o:= p></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D2 face=3DArial><span = style=3D'font-size:10.0pt'>Department of Speech and Hearing Science</span></font><o:p></o:p></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal><st1:address w:st=3D"on"><st1:Street = w:st=3D"on"><font size=3D2 face=3DArial><span style=3D'font-size:10.0pt'>P. O. = Box</span></font></st1:Street><font size=3D2><span style=3D'font-size:10.0pt'> = 870102</span></font></st1:address><o:p></o:p></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal><st1:place w:st=3D"on"><st1:City w:st=3D"on"><font = size=3D2 face=3DArial><span = style=3D'font-size:10.0pt'>Tempe</span></font></st1:City><font size=3D2><span style=3D'font-size:10.0pt'>, <st1:State = w:st=3D"on">AZ</st1:State> <st1:PostalCode = w:st=3D"on">85287-0102</st1:PostalCode></span></font></st1:place><o:p></o= :p></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D2 face=3DArial><span = style=3D'font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D1 face=3DArial><span = style=3D'font-size:7.5pt'>Phone: (480) 965-4954</span></font><o:p></o:p></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D1 face=3DArial><span = style=3D'font-size:7.5pt'>Mail Code: 0102</span></font><o:p></o:p></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D2 face=3DArial><span = style=3D'font-size:11.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D1 face=3DArial><span = style=3D'font-size:7.5pt'><a href=3D"mailto:rgifford@xxxxxxxx">rgifford@xxxxxxxx</a></span></font><o:p><= /o:p></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal><font size=3D2 face=3DArial><span = style=3D'font-size:11.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p> </div> </body> </html> --Boundary_(ID_sKGzBDhonDaU4kKrKKrRhw)-- ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 13 Feb 2006 20:21:59 -0000 From: "Richard H." <auditory@xxxxxxxx> Subject: Re: sound manipulations This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_00E8_01C630DB.24AA7600 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Hi, What you are describing is NOT a hearing loss related problem - it is = called "occlusion". It is related to a hearing aid user having an occluded (blocked) ear = canal due to the presence of the hearing aid plastics. Low frequency sounds of the speaker's own voice and/or eating of food = (<500 Hz) travel via bone conduction and enter the cavity between the = hearing aid and eardrum. These trapped LF sounds cannot escape and so = can sound very loud to the hearing aid user. Note that this problem only happens if the hearing aid user has GOOD = hearing at the low frequencies! If the user has a hearing loss at low frequencies then this occlusion = effect is NOT noticed. This is simply a problem of hearing aid usage, not hearing loss. Some hearing aids (or earmoulds) have holes ("vents") drilled through = them to let this LF sound escape in an attempt to reduce the problem. However this can then increase this risk of feedback whistle. Modern "open fitting" hearing aids such as the GN Resound Air are = specially designed to overcome this problem. Perhaps increasing the gain of < 500Hz frequencies via an equaliser = would create the effect you seek? (Creating the effect of hearing loss is a different problem) regards, Richard ----- Original Message -----=20 From: Rene Gifford=20 To: AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx=20 Sent: Monday, February 13, 2006 6:21 PM Subject: sound manipulations Dear List, I am writing to request information on a type of software or available = program that allows for signal manipulations that may approximate = hearing impaired listeners' descriptions of speech. As you know, one = common complaint is that people sound as if they are speaking in a = barrel. Another is that the speaker sounds as if he has a bucket over = his head. Is anyone aware of such a program? =20 Sincerely, =20 Ren=E9 H. Gifford, Ph. D., CCC-A Postdoctoral Fellow Arizona State University Department of Speech and Hearing Science P. O. Box 870102 Tempe, AZ 85287-0102 =20 Phone: (480) 965-4954 Mail Code: 0102 =20 rgifford@xxxxxxxx =20 ------=_NextPart_000_00E8_01C630DB.24AA7600 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN"> <HTML xmlns=3D"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40" xmlns:o =3D=20 "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:w =3D=20 "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word" xmlns:st1 =3D=20 "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"><HEAD> <META http-equiv=3DContent-Type content=3D"text/html; = charset=3Diso-8859-1"> <META content=3D"MSHTML 6.00.2900.2722" name=3DGENERATOR><o:SmartTagType = name=3D"PostalCode"=20 namespaceuri=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"></o:SmartTagT= ype><o:SmartTagType=20 name=3D"State"=20 namespaceuri=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"></o:SmartTagT= ype><o:SmartTagType=20 name=3D"City"=20 namespaceuri=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"></o:SmartTagT= ype><o:SmartTagType=20 name=3D"Street"=20 namespaceuri=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"></o:SmartTagT= ype><o:SmartTagType=20 name=3D"address"=20 namespaceuri=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"></o:SmartTagT= ype><o:SmartTagType=20 name=3D"PlaceType"=20 namespaceuri=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"></o:SmartTagT= ype><o:SmartTagType=20 name=3D"PlaceName"=20 namespaceuri=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"></o:SmartTagT= ype><o:SmartTagType=20 name=3D"place"=20 namespaceuri=3D"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"></o:SmartTagT= ype><!--[if !mso]> <STYLE>st1\:* { BEHAVIOR: url(#default#ieooui) } </STYLE> <![endif]--> <STYLE> <!-- /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Arial;} a:link, span.MsoHyperlink {color:blue; text-decoration:underline;} a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed {color:purple; text-decoration:underline;} span.EmailStyle17 {mso-style-type:personal-compose; font-family:Arial; color:windowtext;} @xxxxxxxx Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </STYLE> </HEAD> <BODY lang=3DEN-US vLink=3Dpurple link=3Dblue bgColor=3D#ffffff> <DIV><FONT face=3DArial>Hi,</FONT></DIV> <DIV><FONT face=3DArial></FONT> </DIV> <DIV><FONT face=3DArial>What you are describing is NOT a hearing loss = related=20 problem - it is called "occlusion".</FONT></DIV> <DIV><FONT face=3DArial></FONT> </DIV> <DIV><FONT face=3DArial>It is related to a hearing aid user having an = occluded=20 (blocked) ear canal due to the presence of the hearing aid=20 plastics.</FONT></DIV> <DIV><FONT face=3DArial></FONT> </DIV> <DIV><FONT face=3DArial>Low frequency sounds of the speaker's own voice = and/or=20 eating of food (<500 Hz) travel via bone conduction and enter = the cavity=20 between the hearing aid and eardrum. These trapped LF sounds cannot = escape and=20 so can sound very loud to the hearing aid user.</FONT></DIV> <DIV><FONT face=3DArial></FONT> </DIV> <DIV><FONT face=3DArial>Note that this problem only happens if the = hearing aid=20 user has GOOD hearing at the low frequencies!</FONT></DIV> <DIV><FONT face=3DArial>If the user has a hearing loss at low = frequencies then=20 this occlusion effect is NOT noticed.</FONT></DIV> <DIV><FONT face=3DArial></FONT> </DIV> <DIV><FONT face=3DArial>This is simply a problem of hearing aid usage, = not hearing=20 loss.</FONT></DIV> <DIV><FONT face=3DArial></FONT> </DIV> <DIV><FONT face=3DArial>Some hearing aids (or earmoulds) have holes = ("vents")=20 drilled through them to let this LF sound escape in an attempt to reduce = the=20 problem.</FONT></DIV> <DIV><FONT face=3DArial>However this can then increase this risk of = feedback=20 whistle.</FONT></DIV> <DIV><FONT face=3DArial></FONT> </DIV> <DIV><FONT face=3DArial>Modern "open fitting" hearing aids such as the = GN Resound=20 Air are specially designed to overcome this problem.</FONT></DIV> <DIV><FONT face=3DArial></FONT> </DIV> <DIV><FONT face=3DArial>Perhaps increasing the gain of < 500Hz = frequencies=20 via an equaliser would create the effect you seek?</FONT></DIV> <DIV><FONT face=3DArial></FONT> </DIV> <DIV><FONT face=3DArial>(Creating the effect of hearing loss is a = different=20 problem)</FONT></DIV> <DIV><FONT face=3DArial></FONT> </DIV> <DIV><FONT face=3DArial>regards,</FONT></DIV> <DIV><FONT face=3DArial></FONT> </DIV> <DIV><FONT face=3DArial>Richard</FONT></DIV> <DIV><FONT face=3DArial></FONT> </DIV> <DIV><FONT face=3DArial></FONT> </DIV> <BLOCKQUOTE dir=3Dltr=20 style=3D"PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; = BORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px"> <DIV style=3D"FONT: 10pt arial">----- Original Message ----- </DIV> <DIV=20 style=3D"BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; FONT: 10pt arial; font-color: = black"><B>From:</B>=20 <A title=3DRene.Gifford@xxxxxxxx = href=3D"mailto:Rene.Gifford@xxxxxxxx">Rene=20 Gifford</A> </DIV> <DIV style=3D"FONT: 10pt arial"><B>To:</B> <A = title=3DAUDITORY@xxxxxxxx=20 href=3D"mailto:AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx">AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx</A> = </DIV> <DIV style=3D"FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Sent:</B> Monday, February 13, 2006 = 6:21=20 PM</DIV> <DIV style=3D"FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Subject:</B> sound = manipulations</DIV> <DIV><FONT face=3DArial></FONT><FONT face=3DArial></FONT><FONT=20 face=3DArial></FONT><BR></DIV> <DIV class=3DSection1> <P class=3DMsoNormal><FONT face=3DArial size=3D2><SPAN = style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Dear=20 List,<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=3DMsoNormal><FONT face=3DArial size=3D2><SPAN = style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt">I am=20 writing to request information on a type of software or available = program that=20 allows for signal manipulations that may approximate hearing impaired=20 listeners=92 descriptions of speech. As you know, one common = complaint is=20 that people sound as if they are speaking in a barrel. Another = is that=20 the speaker sounds as if he has a bucket over his head. Is = anyone aware=20 of such a program?<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=3DMsoNormal><FONT face=3DArial size=3D2><SPAN=20 style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=3DMsoNormal><FONT face=3DArial size=3D2><SPAN=20 style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Sincerely,<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=3DMsoNormal><FONT face=3DArial size=3D2><SPAN=20 style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=3DMsoNormal><FONT face=3DArial color=3Dmaroon size=3D2><SPAN=20 style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: maroon">Ren=E9 H. Gifford, Ph. D.,=20 CCC-A</SPAN></FONT><o:p></o:p></P> <P class=3DMsoNormal><FONT face=3DArial color=3Dmaroon size=3D2><SPAN=20 style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: maroon">Postdoctoral=20 Fellow</SPAN></FONT><o:p></o:p></P> <P class=3DMsoNormal><st1:place w:st=3D"on"><st1:PlaceName = w:st=3D"on"><FONT=20 face=3DArial size=3D2><SPAN=20 style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Arizona</SPAN></FONT></st1:PlaceName><FONT=20 size=3D2><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> <st1:PlaceType=20 w:st=3D"on">State</st1:PlaceType> <st1:PlaceType=20 = w:st=3D"on">University</st1:PlaceType></SPAN></FONT></st1:place><o:p></o:= p></P> <P class=3DMsoNormal><FONT face=3DArial size=3D2><SPAN=20 style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Department of Speech and Hearing=20 Science</SPAN></FONT><o:p></o:p></P> <P class=3DMsoNormal><st1:address w:st=3D"on"><st1:Street = w:st=3D"on"><FONT=20 face=3DArial size=3D2><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt">P. O.=20 Box</SPAN></FONT></st1:Street><FONT size=3D2><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: = 10pt">=20 870102</SPAN></FONT></st1:address><o:p></o:p></P> <P class=3DMsoNormal><st1:place w:st=3D"on"><st1:City = w:st=3D"on"><FONT face=3DArial=20 size=3D2><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: = 10pt">Tempe</SPAN></FONT></st1:City><FONT=20 size=3D2><SPAN style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 10pt">, <st1:State = w:st=3D"on">AZ</st1:State>=20 <st1:PostalCode=20 = w:st=3D"on">85287-0102</st1:PostalCode></SPAN></FONT></st1:place><o:p></o= :p></P> <P class=3DMsoNormal><FONT face=3DArial size=3D2><SPAN=20 style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 11pt"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=3DMsoNormal><FONT face=3DArial size=3D1><SPAN=20 style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 7.5pt">Phone: (480) = 965-4954</SPAN></FONT><o:p></o:p></P> <P class=3DMsoNormal><FONT face=3DArial size=3D1><SPAN = style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 7.5pt">Mail=20 Code: 0102</SPAN></FONT><o:p></o:p></P> <P class=3DMsoNormal><FONT face=3DArial size=3D2><SPAN=20 style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 11pt"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=3DMsoNormal><FONT face=3DArial size=3D1><SPAN = style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 7.5pt"><A=20 = href=3D"mailto:rgifford@xxxxxxxx">rgifford@xxxxxxxx</A></SPAN></FONT><o:p><= /o:p></P> <P class=3DMsoNormal><FONT face=3DArial size=3D2><SPAN=20 style=3D"FONT-SIZE: = 11pt"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV></BLOCKQUOTE></BODY></HTML= > ------=_NextPart_000_00E8_01C630DB.24AA7600-- ------------------------------ End of AUDITORY Digest - 10 Feb 2006 to 13 Feb 2006 (#2006-31) **************************************************************