Re: [AUDITORY] Speech Intelligibility Index vs. Direct Measurement ("Beerends, J.G. (John)" )


Subject: Re: [AUDITORY] Speech Intelligibility Index vs. Direct Measurement
From:    "Beerends, J.G. (John)"  <john.beerends@xxxxxxxx>
Date:    Sat, 9 Nov 2013 07:11:08 +0000
List-Archive:<http://lists.mcgill.ca/scripts/wa.exe?LIST=AUDITORY>

--_000_E64149642826D74489BC7362384E1BFC130C51C0EXCMBX01tsntnon_ Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable I would like to point out that these approaches cannot deal with some of th= e modern voice processing techniques like: 1) Low bit rate coding 2) Noise suppression 3) Automatic level/gain control distortions 4) Sudden loss of speech signal (time clipping in VoIP) A first attempt to create a system that can deal with these distortions in = predicting intelligibility (on the basis of PESQ www.pesq.org<http://www.pe= sq.org> ) can be found in [1] while the latest speech quality assessment standard POL= QA [2] [3] (open access papers, or look at www.polqa.info<http://www.polqa= .info>) is currently being extended towards intelligibility [4]. John Beerends TNO The Netherlands [1] J. G. Beerends, R. A. van Buuren, J. M. Van Vugt, J. A. Verhave, "Objec= tive Speech Intelligibility Measurement on the Basis of Natural Speech in C= ombination with Perceptual Modeling," J. Audio Eng. Soc., vol. 57, pp. 299-= 308 (2009 May.). [2] J. G. Beerends, C. Schmidmer, J. Berger, M. Obermann, R. Ullman, J. Pom= y and M. Keyhl, "Perceptual Objective Listening Quality Assessment (POLQA),= The Third Generation ITU-T Standard for End-to-End Speech Quality Measurem= ent Part I - Temporal Alignment," J. Audio Eng. Soc., vol. 61, pp. 366-384 = (2013 June). [3] J. G. Beerends, C. Schmidmer, J. Berger, M. Obermann, R. Ullman, J. Pom= y and M. Keyhl, "Perceptual Objective Listening Quality Assessment (POLQA),= The Third Generation ITU-T Standard for End-to-End Speech Quality Measurem= ent Part II - Perceptual Model," J. Audio Eng. Soc., vol. 61, pp. 385-402 (= 2013 June). [4] J. G. Beerends, "Extending P.863 'POLQA' towards intelligibility testin= g, first results," ITU-T Study Group 12, White contribution COM 12-C302 (20= 12 May). From: AUDITORY - Research in Auditory Perception [mailto:AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx= ILL.CA] On Behalf Of Richard M. Warren Sent: Friday, November 08, 2013 9:39 PM To: AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx Subject: Speech Intelligibility Index vs. Direct Measurement The Speech Intelligibility Index (SII) [1] procedure has been used for many= years to determine the intelligibility of passbands heard singly and in co= mbination. The SII is a complex multi-step procedure that initially cancels= contributions from filter slopes by combining intelligibility judgments of= partially masked high-pass and low-pass speech having a series of cut-off = frequencies. This data is used to calculate the band importance values, wh= ich then can be used to produce band intelligibility estimates. Studebaker= and Sherbecoe (1991) [2] employed a commercially available broadband recor= ding of W-22 word lists to produce band importance estimates that are liste= d in Table B.3 of the SII. Recently, J.M. Kates (2013) [3] used the data r= eported by Studebaker and Sherbecoe to produce an improved method used to d= etermine SII importance values and intelligibility estimates shown in his F= igures 1 and 3. But rather than trying to improve the SII procedure, Warren, Bashford, and = Lenz (2011) [4] proposed a direct measurement alternative: The Rectangular= Passband Intelligibility (RPI) procedure. We employed the same copy of th= e commercially available recording of W-22 lists employed by Studebaker and= Sherbecoe. Instead of generating high-pass and low-pass speech, we used h= igh-order FIR filtering to produce effectively vertical slopes for passband= s at different center frequencies. Listeners were then able to use these r= ectangular passbands to obtain direct intelligibility measurements of the s= ame passbands heard singly and in the combinations reported using the SII p= rocedure. The relative intelligibilities obtained were in general similar = using the two different procedures as can be seen in the Warren et al. Figu= res 5 and 6. Also, the RPI procedure is not limited to word lists: It had= been used previously with sentences (Warren, Bashford, & Lenz, 2005) [5]. The RPI has several advantages over the SII procedure. These include: (1) = the intrinsic advantage of direct measurement over estimation; (2) the RPI = is simpler to use, eliminating the requirement for measuring intelligibilit= y of high-pass and low-pass speech heard at various signal/noise ratios. I= n addition, there is no need for calculating the intermediate stage of impo= rtance values followed by the requirement of a transfer function in order t= o obtain intelligibility estimates; (3) the RPI procedure is the only one t= hat can obtain passband intelligibility judgments under quiet conditions. = This makes it possible to quantify the decrement produced by extraneous sou= nds and distortions. REFERENCES [1.] ANSI S3.5, 1997, Reaffirmed, 2012. "Methods for the Calculation of the= Speech Intelligibility Index," (American National Standards Institute, New= York). [2.] Studebaker, G.A., & Sherbecoe, R.L. "Frequency-Importance and Transfe= r Functions for Recorded CID W-22 Word Lists," Journal of Speech and Hearin= g Research, 1991, Vol. 34, 427-438. [3.] Kates, J.M. "Improved Estimation of Frequency Importance Functions," J= ournal of the Acoustical Society of America, 2013, Vol. 134, EL459-EL464. [4.] Warren, R.M., Bashford, J.A., Jr., & Lenz, P.W. "An Alternative to th= e Computational Speech Intelligibility Index Estimates: Direct Measurement = of Rectangular Passband Intelligibilities," Journal of Experimental Psychol= ogy: Human Perception and Performance, 2011, Vol. 37, 296 - 302. [5.] Warren, R.M., Bashford, J.A., Jr., & Lenz, P.W. "Intelligibilities of= 1-Octave Rectangular Bands Spanning The Speech Spectrum When Heard Separat= ely and Paired." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 2005, Vol. = 118, 3261-3266. Richard M. Warren Research Professor and Distinguished Professor Emeritus Department of Psychology University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee PO Box 413 Milwaukee, WI 53201 (414) 229-5328 Dit bericht kan informatie bevatten die niet voor u is bestemd. Indien u ni= et de geadresseerde bent of dit bericht abusievelijk aan u is toegezonden, = wordt u verzocht dat aan de afzender te melden en het bericht te verwijdere= n. TNO aanvaardt geen aansprakelijkheid voor de inhoud van deze e-mail, de = wijze waarop u deze gebruikt en voor schade, van welke aard ook, die verban= d houdt met risico's verbonden aan het elektronisch verzenden van berichten. = This message may contain information that is not intended for you. If you a= re not the addressee or if this message was sent to you by mistake, you are= requested to inform the sender and delete the message. 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</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=3D"EN-US" style=3D"font-size:11.0= pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1F497D">Lo= w bit rate coding<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoListParagraph" style=3D"text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level= 1 lfo1"><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3D"EN-US" style=3D"font-size:11.0pt= ;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1F497D"><spa= n style=3D"mso-list:Ignore">2)<span style=3D"font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Rom= an&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=3D"EN-US" style=3D"font-size:11.0= pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1F497D">No= ise suppression <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoListParagraph" style=3D"text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level= 1 lfo1"><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3D"EN-US" style=3D"font-size:11.0pt= ;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1F497D"><spa= n style=3D"mso-list:Ignore">3)<span style=3D"font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Rom= an&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=3D"EN-US" style=3D"font-size:11.0= pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1F497D">Au= tomatic level/gain control distortions<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoListParagraph" style=3D"text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level= 1 lfo1"><![if !supportLists]><span lang=3D"EN-US" style=3D"font-size:11.0pt= ;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1F497D"><spa= n style=3D"mso-list:Ignore">4)<span style=3D"font:7.0pt &quot;Times New Rom= an&quot;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><span lang=3D"EN-US" style=3D"font-size:11.0= pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1F497D">Su= dden loss of speech signal (time clipping in VoIP)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-left:.25in"><span lang=3D"EN-US" sty= le=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quo= t;;color:#1F497D"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-left:.25in"><span lang=3D"EN-US" sty= le=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quo= t;;color:#1F497D">A first attempt to create a system that can deal with the= se distortions in predicting intelligibility (on the basis of PESQ <a href=3D"http://www.pesq.org">www.pesq.org</a> ) <o:p></o:p></span>= </p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-left:.25in"><span lang=3D"EN-US" sty= le=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quo= t;;color:#1F497D">can be found in [1] while the latest speech quality asses= sment standard POLQA [2] [3] (open access papers,&nbsp; or look at <a href=3D"http://www.polqa.info">www.polqa.info</a>)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-left:.25in"><span lang=3D"EN-US" sty= le=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quo= t;;color:#1F497D">is currently being extended towards intelligibility [4].<= o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-left:.25in"><span lang=3D"EN-US" sty= le=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quo= t;;color:#1F497D"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-left:.25in"><span lang=3D"EN-US" sty= le=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quo= t;;color:#1F497D">John Beerends<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-left:.25in"><span lang=3D"EN-US" sty= le=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quo= t;;color:#1F497D">TNO<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-left:.25in"><span lang=3D"EN-US" sty= le=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quo= t;;color:#1F497D">The Netherlands<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-left:.25in"><span lang=3D"EN-US" sty= le=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quo= t;;color:#1F497D"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=3D"Reference"><span lang=3D"EN-US">[1</span><span lang=3D"EN-GB">]= </span><span lang=3D"EN-US" style=3D"layout-grid-mode:line">J. G. Beerends= , R. A. van Buuren, J. M. Van Vugt, J. A. Verhave, &#8220;Objective Speech = Intelligibility Measurement on the Basis of Natural Speech in Combination with Perceptual Modeling</span><span lang=3D"EN-GB">= ,&#8221;</span><span lang=3D"EN-GB"> </span><i><span lang=3D"EN-US" style=3D"layout-grid-mode:line">J. Audio Eng= . Soc.</span></i><span lang=3D"EN-US" style=3D"layout-grid-mode:line">, vol= . 57, pp. 299-308 (2009 May.)</span><span lang=3D"EN-GB">.<o:p></o:p></span= ></p> <p class=3D"Reference"><span lang=3D"EN-GB">[2] <span style=3D"layout-grid-= mode:line">J. G. Beerends, C. Schmidmer, J. Berger, M. Obermann, R. Ullman,= J. Pomy and M. Keyhl, </span></span><span lang=3D"EN-US" style=3D"layout-grid-mode:line">&#8220;P= erceptual Objective Listening Quality Assessment (POLQA), The Third Generat= ion ITU-T Standard for End-to-End Speech Quality Measurement Part I &#8211;= Temporal Alignment,</span><span lang=3D"EN-GB">&#8221;</span><span lang=3D= "EN-GB"> </span><i><span lang=3D"EN-US" style=3D"layout-grid-mode:line">J. Audio Eng= . Soc</span></i><span lang=3D"EN-US" style=3D"layout-grid-mode:line">.,<i> </i>vol. 61, pp. 366-384 (2013 June)</span><span lang=3D"EN-GB">.<o:p></o:p= ></span></p> <p class=3D"Reference"><span lang=3D"EN-GB">[3] <span style=3D"layout-grid-= mode:line">J. G. Beerends, C. Schmidmer, J. Berger, M. Obermann, R. Ullman,= J. Pomy and M. Keyhl, </span></span><span lang=3D"EN-US" style=3D"layout-grid-mode:line">&#8220;P= erceptual Objective Listening Quality Assessment (POLQA), The Third Generat= ion ITU-T Standard for End-to-End Speech Quality Measurement Part II &#8211= ; Perceptual Model,</span><span lang=3D"EN-GB">&#8221;</span><span lang=3D"= EN-GB"> </span><i><span lang=3D"EN-US" style=3D"layout-grid-mode:line">J. Audio Eng= . Soc</span></i><span lang=3D"EN-US" style=3D"layout-grid-mode:line">.,<i> </i>vol. 61, pp. 385-402 (2013 June)</span><span lang=3D"EN-GB">.<o:p></o:p= ></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"margin-left:.25in"><span lang=3D"EN-GB" sty= le=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quo= t;;color:#1F497D"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=3D"Reference"><span lang=3D"EN-GB">[4] J. G. Beerends, &#8220;Exte= nding P.863 &#8216;POLQA&#8217; towards intelligibility testing, first resu= lts,&#8221; ITU-T Study Group 12, White contribution COM 12-C302 (2012 May)= .<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span lang=3D"EN-GB" style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-= family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1F497D"><o:p>&nbsp= ;</o:p></span></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span lang=3D"EN-GB" style=3D"font-size:11.0pt;font-= family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1F497D"><o:p>&nbsp= ;</o:p></span></p> <div> <div style=3D"border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in = 0in 0in"> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><b><span lang=3D"EN-US" style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;fo= nt-family:&quot;Tahoma&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">From:</span></b><span = lang=3D"EN-US" style=3D"font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Tahoma&quot;,&qu= ot;sans-serif&quot;"> AUDITORY - Research in Auditory Perception [mailto:AU= DITORY@xxxxxxxx <b>On Behalf Of </b>Richard M. Warren<br> <b>Sent:</b> Friday, November 08, 2013 9:39 PM<br> <b>To:</b> AUDITORY@xxxxxxxx<br> <b>Subject:</b> Speech Intelligibility Index vs. Direct Measurement<o:p></o= :p></span></p> </div> </div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-a= lt:auto"><span class=3D"apple-style-span"><span style=3D"font-family:&quot;= " TimesNewRoman??,?serif??=3D"">The Speech Intelligibility Index (SII) [1] = procedure has been used for many years to determine the intelligibility of passbands heard singly and in combination. The SII = is a complex multi-step procedure that initially cancels contributions from= filter slopes by combining intelligibility judgments of partially masked h= igh-pass and low-pass speech having a series of cut-off frequencies.&nbsp; This data is used to calculate the = band importance values, which then can be used to produce band intelligibil= ity estimates.&nbsp; Studebaker and Sherbecoe (1991) [2] employed a commerc= ially available broadband recording of W-22 word lists to produce band importance estimates that are listed in Table B= .3 of the SII.&nbsp; Recently, J.M. Kates (2013) [3] used the data reported= by Studebaker and Sherbecoe to produce an improved method used to determin= e SII importance values and intelligibility estimates shown in his Figures 1 and 3.&nbsp;</span></span><o:p></o:p></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-a= lt:auto"><span class=3D"apple-style-span"><span style=3D"font-family:&quot;= " TimesNewRoman??,?serif??=3D"">But rather than trying to improve the SII p= rocedure, Warren, Bashford, and Lenz (2011) [4] proposed a direct measurement alternative:&nbsp; The Rectangular Passband = Intelligibility (RPI) procedure.&nbsp; We employed the same copy of the com= mercially available recording of W-22 lists employed by Studebaker and Sher= becoe.&nbsp; Instead of generating high-pass and low-pass speech, we used high-order FIR filtering to produce effectively v= ertical slopes for passbands at different center frequencies.&nbsp; Listene= rs were then able to use these rectangular passbands to obtain direct intel= ligibility measurements of the same passbands heard singly and in the combinations reported using the SII procedure.&nbs= p; The relative intelligibilities obtained were in general similar using th= e two different procedures as can be seen in the Warren et al. Figures 5 an= d 6.&nbsp; Also, the RPI procedure is not limited to word lists:&nbsp; It had been used previously with sentences (W= arren, Bashford, &amp; Lenz, 2005) [5].</span></span><o:p></o:p></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-a= lt:auto"><span class=3D"apple-style-span"><span style=3D"font-family:&quot;= " TimesNewRoman??,?serif??=3D"">The RPI has several advantages over the SII= procedure.&nbsp; These include: (1) the intrinsic advantage of direct measurement over estimation; (2) the RPI is simpler to use, elim= inating the requirement for measuring intelligibility of high-pass and low-= pass speech heard at various signal/noise ratios.&nbsp; In addition, there = is no need for calculating the intermediate stage of importance values followed by the requirement of a transfer funct= ion in order to obtain intelligibility estimates; (3) the RPI procedure is = the only one that can obtain passband intelligibility judgments under quiet= conditions.&nbsp; This makes it possible to quantify the decrement produced by extraneous sounds and distortions.</= span></span><o:p></o:p></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-a= lt:auto"><span style=3D"font-family:&quot;" TimesNewRoman??,?serif??=3D"">&= nbsp;</span><o:p></o:p></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-a= lt:auto"><span class=3D"apple-style-span"><span style=3D"font-family:&quot;= " TimesNewRoman??,?serif??=3D"">REFERENCES&nbsp;</span></span><o:p></o:p></= p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-a= lt:auto;text-autospace:none"> <span class=3D"apple-style-span"><span style=3D"font-family:&quot;" TimesNe= wRoman??,?serif??=3D"">[1.] ANSI S3.5, 1997, Reaffirmed, 2012. &#8220;Metho= ds for the Calculation of the Speech Intelligibility Index,&#8221; (America= n National Standards Institute, New York).</span></span><o:p></o:p></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-a= lt:auto"><span class=3D"apple-style-span"><span style=3D"font-family:&quot;= " TimesNewRoman??,?serif??=3D"">[2.] Studebaker, G.A., &amp; Sherbecoe, R.L= .&nbsp; &#8220;Frequency-Importance and Transfer Functions for Recorded CID W-22 Word Lists,&#8221; <u>Journal of Speech and Hearing Rese= arch</u>, 1991, Vol. 34, 427-438.&nbsp;</span></span><o:p></o:p></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-a= lt:auto"><span class=3D"apple-style-span"><span style=3D"font-family:&quot;= " TimesNewRoman??,?serif??=3D"">[3.] Kates, J.M. &#8220;Improved Estimation= of Frequency Importance Functions,&#8221; <u>Journal of the Acoustical Society of America</u>, 2013, Vol. 134, EL459-= EL464.</span></span><o:p></o:p></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-a= lt:auto"><span class=3D"apple-style-span"><span style=3D"font-family:&quot;= " TimesNewRoman??,?serif??=3D"">[4.] Warren, R.M., Bashford, J.A., Jr., &am= p; Lenz, P.W.&nbsp; &#8220;An Alternative to the Computational Speech Intelligibility Index Estimates: Direct Measurement of Rectangular = Passband Intelligibilities,&#8221; <u>Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance</u>= , 2011, Vol. 37, 296 - 302.</span></span><o:p></o:p></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-a= lt:auto"><span class=3D"apple-style-span"><span style=3D"font-family:&quot;= " TimesNewRoman??,?serif??=3D"">[5.] Warren, R.M., Bashford, J.A., Jr., &am= p; Lenz, P.W.&nbsp; &#8220;Intelligibilities of 1-Octave Rectangular Bands Spanning The Speech Spectrum When Heard Separately and Paired.&#8221= ;&nbsp; <u>Journal of the Acoustical Society of America</u>, 2005, Vol. 118= , 3261-3266.</span></span><o:p></o:p></p> <p class=3D"MsoNormal" style=3D"mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-a= lt:auto"><span class=3D"apple-style-span"><span style=3D"font-family:&quot;= " TimesNewRoman??,?serif??=3D"">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></span><o:p></o:p></p> <div> <div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><b><span style=3D"font-size:10.5pt"><br> <span class=3D"apple-style-span">Richard M. Warren</span></span></b><span s= tyle=3D"font-size:10.0pt">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt">Research Professor&= nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;and Dis= tinguished Professor Emeritus<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt">Department of Psych= ology<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt">University of Wisco= nsin-Milwaukee<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt">PO Box 413<o:p></o:= p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt">Milwaukee, WI &nbsp= ;53201<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt">(414) 229-5328<o:p>= </o:p></span></p> </div> <div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> </div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> </div> <p class=3D"MsoNormal"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> </div> <P style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=3DMsoPlainText><span style=3D"FONT-F= AMILY: 'Courier New'"><font style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 11px" size=3D3><span style= =3D"FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-SIZE: 11px"><strong></strong><br><br><br>Dit b= ericht kan informatie bevatten die niet voor u is bestemd. Indien u niet de= geadresseerde bent of dit bericht abusievelijk aan u is toegezonden, wordt= u verzocht dat aan de afzender te melden en het bericht te verwijderen. TN= O aanvaardt geen aansprakelijkheid voor de inhoud van deze e-mail, de wijze= waarop u deze gebruikt en voor schade, van welke aard ook, die verband hou= dt met risico's verbonden aan het elektronisch verzenden van berichten.<br>= </P> <P style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=3DMsoNormal><span style=3D"FONT-FAMI= LY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; FONT-SIZE: 8pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New = Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><?xml:namespace prefix =3D o ns =3D "ur= n:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></P> <P style=3D"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=3DMsoNormal><span style=3D"FONT-FAMI= LY: 'Arial','sans-serif'; FONT-SIZE: 8pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.5pt">This m= essage may contain information that is not intended for you. 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